Epistemic Injustice, gender identity & women rights in the digital world: A Visual ethnography of women led campaigns in Pakistan

Abstract: 

Gender misrepresentation & discrimination is an epidemic exercised not only in the developing world but also in many developed parts of the world. In this paper, I document visuals and testimonies of women participants from various digital media campaigns run in Pakistan. It uses visual ethnography as a tool to highlight issues of gender identity, rights and injustice towards active members of gender resistance, empowerment and rights campaign. The paper aims to measure the impact of digital movements on women .This paper intends to research about how epistemic injustice against women leads to identity crisis, inequality and misrepresentation in the digital world. I study Miranda Fricker’s work on epistemic testimonial injustice as a theoretical framework to my research. My research establishes on a pattern of behavior as Lorraine Code best describes as “identity power” and their capacity to control and silence narratives of change. I used discourse analysis as my methodological approach to study various existing gender prejudices which challenge the factual interpretations of female experiences. This paper uses visual ethnography (pictures, videos, post cards and memes) to discuss two integral components 1) the dynamics of women led digital campaigns and 2) the narrative building technique used by the “oppressor” to dismiss or reject their ideas. Some findings of this research include that epistemic injustice against women has various facets to how we can perceive it in the Pakistani context. It is not an individual injustice but is a part of a large cultural fabric in which role of women is considered as an oppressed or as a weak individual. I also recommend in the paper that epistemic injustice against women can only be avoided as a result of collective social change. And it can only be ensured if we provide women with equal opportunities and respect.

Key Words: Digital Media , Epistemic Injustice, Photo ethnography, Gender identity, Gender equality