Cross-cultural adjustment of Chinese expatriates to Pakistan: Investigating the role of social support as a moderator

Abstract: 

Emerging economies and geopolitical landscaping are changing the demographic dynamics across the globe. As people are moving across the borders for many reasons, including better academic and job opportunities, indeed, China has become one of the fascinating destinations to attract global community in 21st century. Being the second largest economy, at the same time, China is extending its markets across the globe since President Xi’s announced the mega strategic plan, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), in 2013. This going out policy is going to connect Europe, Africa and Asia through roads, railways and maritime routes infrastructures (Ahmad 2016) by signing bilateral and multilateral cooperation. China’s massive investment in global markets (Jackson and Horwitz 2017; Buckley, Clegg et al. 2018) has provided the opportunities to Chinese expatriates to move across borders to manage different projects in different regions (Zhang & Fan, 2014; Cooke et al., 2017). In China-Pakistan bilateral context, the two countries are celebrating its long friendship despite of its cultural and ideological differences but this cross-border flow between the countries has raised significant questions of adjustment of Chinese expats in Pakistan, being more conservative and religious bound cultural values. This paper is, indeed, an effort to address the Chinese expats cross-cultural adjustment to Pakistan. In that backdrop, this study is investigating the role of social support (emotional, informational, instrumental and appraisal) on Chinese expatriates’ adjustment experiences to Pakistan by applying the social capital theory. The study has used qualitative approach to analyze the semi-structured in-depth interviews, through MAXQDA 18, of Chinese expatriates working in Pakistan in telecommunication and manufacturing sectors. The results indicate that Chinese expatriates have faced many challenges while adjusting to their host society, but cordial government-to-government relations, social support of the host country’s nationals (colleagues and friends) helped them in the adjustment process. The results conclude that Chinese expatriates’ adjustment is a multi-stage mechanism and social support is one of the significant mechanisms through which they can adjust in the international environment. The study suggests that host organizations should promote the strengthening of the relationship between expatriates and local people.